Pay to stay 没有官方定义与适用法条
「Pay to stay」是海关审讯中常见的指控,意外的是它是一个生造的词。 本文查询所有官方来源:eCFR(现行联邦法规)、Federal Register(联邦公报)、govinfo(美国政府出版局发布的《美国法典》)。 没有任何一条法律或法规直接规定「pay to stay」。这个词唯一的官方出处是 DHS 规则的序言,序言不是条文,没有约束力。实际处罚 pay to stay,用的是签证欺诈、虚假陈述、未维持身份这些一般性条款。
法规文本里没有这个词
2026 年 10 月 15 日在 eCFR 检索 "pay to stay" 和 "pay-to-stay",命中都是 0。现行联邦法规里没有这个词,也就没有以它为名的条文。
官方定义:DHS 规则序言
定义原文
DHS 在 F-1 固定入境期限规则的三个版本里,用的是同一段定义:
Since 2008, multiple school owners and others have been criminally prosecuted for "pay-to-stay" fraud, in which school officials, in return for cash payments, falsely report that F-1 students who do not attend school are maintaining their student status.
| 文件 | 性质 | 日期 | 页码 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 91 FR 44976 | 终版规则 | 2026-07-17 | 44983 |
| 90 FR 42070 | 征求意见稿 | 2025-08-28 | 42077 |
| 85 FR 60526 | 征求意见稿 | 2020-09-25 | 60533 |
这段定义的脚注引用的是 DOJ 和 ICE 的新闻稿,最早一份是 DOJ 2008 年 4 月 9 日的「Operator of English language schools charged in massive student visa fraud scheme」。
91 FR 44976 原定 2026 年 9 月 15 日生效,2026 年 9 月 14 日被马萨诸塞联邦地区法院的全国性初步禁令叫停,见 F-1学生D/S身份改革。规则没有生效,但序言里的定义仍然是 DHS 的官方表述。
定义里的行为主体是学校
按这个定义,pay to stay 是学校人员收现金,替不上课的学生向政府虚报「在维持身份」。收钱、虚报的都是学校一方。
同一页(91 FR 44983)DHS 接着写了 DSO 的问题:
DHS is also concerned that DSOs at these schools were complicit in these abuses; some DSOs intentionally recorded a student's status inaccurately.
2025 年征求意见稿(90 FR 42077)还多写了一条,和学生失去身份后怎么处理有关:
some DSOs permitted students who failed to maintain status to transfer to another school rather than apply for reinstatement.
征求意见稿另一处(90 FR 42094)把钱的去向写成交给 DSO:
has enabled fraudulent "pay-to-stay" schemes in which students were falsely reported as maintaining status in return for cash payments to DSOs.
学生同样要被追责
终版规则在回应评论时写明(91 FR 45010),改为固定期限的目的之一,是追究学生的责任:
hold students accountable for fraud or status violations that may go undetected or unreported by a DSO. DHS believes that by fixing a date certain period of admission for F-1 students, DHS will be in a position to provide greater oversight and accountability for students who have engaged in pay-to-stay and other fraud.
OPT 语境下的用法
2026 年 10 月 8 日的 OPT 收费征求意见稿(91 FR 64566,第 64571 页)也用了这个词,指的是 OPT 雇主的工作地点根本不存在:
including "pay-to-stay" visa fraud with nonexistent worksites
这句话的出处是 ICE 在 YouTube 上发布的视频(2026 年 5 月 12 日),不是法规。
实际适用的法条
没有专门条文,pay to stay 落到下面这些一般性条款上。原文取自 eCFR 和 govinfo。
学生:身份、递解、入境
不上课就不在身份内。 F-1 的身份期限(duration of status)定义为学生全日制就读的期间,见 8 CFR 214.2(f)(5)(i):
Duration of status is defined as the time during which an F-1 student is pursuing a full course of study at an educational institution certified by SEVP for attendance by foreign students, or engaging in authorized practical training following completion of studies
没有维持身份即可被递解。 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(1)(C)(i):
Any alien who was admitted as a nonimmigrant and who has failed to maintain the nonimmigrant status in which the alien was admitted or to which it was changed under section 1258 of this title, or to comply with the conditions of any such status, is deportable.
以欺诈谋取移民利益,不可入境。 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i):
Any alien who, by fraud or willfully misrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United States or other benefit provided under this chapter is inadmissible.
学生和学校人员:刑事责任
18 U.S.C. 1546(a) 规定,在移民法要求的文件里明知而作重要事实的虚假陈述,构成犯罪:
Whoever knowingly makes under oath, or as permitted under penalty of perjury under section 1746 of title 28, United States Code, knowingly subscribes as true, any false statement with respect to a material fact in any application, affidavit, or other document required by the immigration laws or regulations prescribed thereunder, or knowingly presents any such application, affidavit, or other document which contains any such false statement or which fails to contain any reasonable basis in law or fact—
刑期按情形分档,首次或第二次犯、不涉及恐怖主义或毒品犯罪的,最高 10 年。
同一款还规定,明知签证、许可或其他身份文件是以虚假陈述或欺诈取得的,仍然使用、持有、接受,也构成犯罪。
学校:撤销 SEVP 认证
8 CFR 214.4(a)(2) 列出的撤销认证理由里,对应 pay to stay 的有三条:
(v) Willful issuance by a DSO of a false statement, including wrongful certification of a statement by signature, in connection with a student's school transfer or application for employment or practical training.
(xi) Issuance of Form I-20 or successor form to aliens who will not be enrolled in or carry full courses of study, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(f)(6) or 214.2(m)(9).
(xii) Failure to operate as a bona fide institution of learning.
汇总
| 对象 | 法条 | 后果 |
|---|---|---|
| 学生 | 8 CFR 214.2(f)(5)(i) | 不全日制就读,就不在 F-1 身份期限内 |
| 学生 | 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(1)(C)(i) | 未维持非移民身份,可被递解 |
| 学生 | 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) | 以欺诈或故意虚假陈述谋取签证、文件、入境或其他移民利益,不可入境 |
| 学生、学校人员 | 18 U.S.C. 1546(a) | 在移民文件中作虚假陈述,或使用以欺诈取得的身份文件,构成刑事犯罪 |
| 学校 | 8 CFR 214.4(a)(2)(v)、(xi)、(xii) | SEVP 撤销学校认证 |
这张表列的是能对上 pay to stay 行为的条文。DOJ 每个案子实际以哪些罪名起诉,要看各案的起诉书,本文没有逐案核对,已收录的案子见 F-1 执法案例(合订本)。
和 F-1 学生的关系
- 正常交学费、真实上课,不是 pay to stay。 DHS 定义的要件是学生不上课、学校收钱虚报。学生的身份来自全日制就读,学费是上课的代价。
- 学校收钱虚报,学生也逃不掉。 定义里的行为主体是学校,但学生同样适用上面的递解、不可入境和刑事条款;DHS 在终版规则里也明确要追究学生。Tri-Valley 案里,SEVP 终止了该校全部学生的 SEVIS 记录,见 Tri-Valley University 案。
- 学校替学生背锅的那条路,对 pay to stay 不适用。 恢复身份时可以把 DSO 的疏忽算作学生不可控的原因,但法规排除了学生故意造成的违规,见 F-1 学生与学校的利益关系:学校怎么替你背锅。